我室孔道春实验室在真核细胞DNA复制起始机制研究方面取得重大突破性发现
DNA复制的研究已经历了三个主要阶段:第一阶段是20世纪50年代到70年代末,主要是研究原核细胞DNA复制叉里的生化反应,包括复制蛋白/酶的确定及它们生化作用的阐明;第二阶段是60年代末到80年代末,主要是确定真核细胞DNA复制叉里蛋白/酶及阐明它们的生化作用;第三阶段是研究真核细胞DNA复制起始机理,这个阶段从上个世纪80年代末开始,一直到现在。为什么真核细胞DNA复制起始的研究有一个专门的阶段呢?主要原因是真核细胞DNA复制起始过程非常复杂、且高度调控,以保证我们基因组的稳定性。
真核细胞DNA复制起始研究的一个标志性的突破点,是经过多年的寻找终于在1992年找到了识别DNA复制源的蛋白---ORC (Origin Recognition Complex)。这个工作是美国冷泉港Bruce Stillman实验室完成的。90年代中期,确定了真核细胞DNA复制起始的一个核心步骤是pre-RC (pre-replicative complex)的形成, pre-RC形成于细胞周期的G1期;同时也确定了ORC,Cdc6和MCM是pre-RC的组成成分。Cdc6是Leland Hartwell在1973年命名的,确定Cdc6的生物功能与DNA复制相关是后来许多实验室的工作。MCM(Mini-chromosome maintenance)复合体的亚基是1984年Bik Tye通过遗传筛选首先确定的,她的文章里也提到了MCM应该与DNA复制相关。直到90年代后期才证明MCM是DNA复制解旋酶,这个证明过程来自于许多实验室的工作,但业内还是认为MCM是Bik Tye发现的。2000年,Paul Nurse 和Marcel Mechali实验室同时证明Cdt1也是pre-RC的成分,但Cdt1是David Beach在1994年首先发现的。在David Beach的文章里,有一个实验数据指出缺失Cdt1基因的裂殖酵母孢子,发芽后不能进入细胞的S期,猜测Cdt1的功能可能与DNA复制相关,但他并没有证明Cdt1是DNA复制蛋白。细胞不能进入S期,可以有很多原因。从1973年到2016年的43年时间里,总共确定了四个蛋白/酶是pre-RC的组分,即ORC,Cdc6/Cdc18, Cdt1, 和 MCM;其中,ORC被认为是Bruce Stillman实验室发现,MCM被认为是Bik Tye实验室发现。这四个蛋白在出芽酵母到人细胞,是非常保守的。DNA复制起始机制的研究,主要是发现pre-RC的成分及它的装配机制。
在真核细胞DNA复制起始领域,有三个主要问题几十年里一直没有解决。它们是:1.从裂殖酵母到人细胞,pre-RC的装配机制没有阐明;2.从裂殖酵母到人细胞,DNA复制源的结构没有阐明;3.人细胞DNA复制源的位置、即DNA复制起始位点,一直没有在基因组范围内确定。第一个问题关系到对DNA复制起始机制的理解,第二和第三个问题关系到理解高等真核细胞是如何选择DNA复制起始位点的及如何能保证染色体DNA上的每一个片段在一个细胞周期内能被复制一次。

图一:DNA复制起始蛋白Sap1功能总结
最近,孔道春教授研究组发现了一个新的DNA复制起始蛋白,它是pre-RC的一个必需组分,在裂殖酵母里叫Sap1蛋白。它在多细胞生物里的同源蛋白也已经被孔道春教授实验室找到。他们发现Sap1是一个DNA复制源结合蛋白,证明Sap1和ORC结合在DNA复制源上不同的位置,但Sap1和ORC在复制源上相互作用。研究组进一步证明Sap1是募集Cdc18(裂殖酵母里Cdc6的同源蛋白)到DNA复制源上的必需蛋白。孔道春教授和北京大学金长文教授及南方科技大学汪涛副教授合作取得一系列进展:Sap1结合DNA的功能域的晶体结构得到阐明(汪涛老师实验室的工作);Sap1与DNA相互作用的生化机制通过核磁共振的方法得到阐明(金长文老师实验室的工作)。Sap1及其在高等真核生物同源蛋白的发现,也阐明了裂殖酵母到人细胞的DNA复制源的结构。与出芽酵母不同,裂殖酵母和多细胞生物的DNA复制源结构由两个必需DNA序列决定,一个序列被ORC结合,另一个被Sap1结合。人细胞DNA复制源的全基因组位点,也已经被孔道春教授实验室精确确定,文章待发表。

图二:封面图片
DNA复制起始蛋白Sap1的发现,将极大推进人们对真核细胞DNA复制起始机制的理解。该工作以cover article的形式发表于Journal of Biological Chemistry,292:6056-6075, Apr 14,2017。孔道春,金长文,汪涛三位老师是本文章的共同通讯作者。
原文链接:http://www.jbc.org/content/292/15/6056.abstract
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